Agamemnon and Gender Roles Essay example - 793 Words

Throughout the years, history has tried to examine how gender roles have changed over time and views of how women should be have changed. However there are many examples of current stereotypes of women that linger in todays society. Following the play Agamemnon we will examine the three female characters and how their stereotypes apply to the current day society. A watchmen being the person who must stay awake to watch out for any urgencies quotes a few key factors that show the stereotypes of women. During the beginning of the play the watchman describes Clytaemnestra who is Agamemnons wife as That woman - she maneuvers like a man page 103. Clytaemnestra, being the 10 year ruler of Argos was not highly liked by the chorus†¦show more content†¦The watchmen was so frustrated with the female leadership of Clytaemnestra that he was asking of the gods to kill him which is a serious notion. This stereotypical feeling of female leadership is not only discussed by the watchman but also by the Chorus, whom are the old men of Argos that just observe throughout the play and comment on the action. As Clytaemnestra is lighting the torches of Argos the Chorus mock her assumption that the war is over by saying, Tell us the news! What you can, what is right, Heal us, soothe our fears! The chorus is sarcastically toying with Clytaemnestra asking her things that she is incapable of but perhaps the gods are. Possibly the chorus was saying that Clytaemnestra thinks she is as important as the gods themselves ruling Argos alone and being a woman. Often when women are placed in a leadership position it is immensely challenged by some part of the male society. It is not only the leadership role that are stereotyped through the play but also the stereotype of blaming women for another mans demise. The chorus during one of their observations blames the Trojan War on Helen, the most beautiful women of all the land who was whisked away by Paris of Greece. He had skill in the swordplay, He went down so tall in the onslaught, All for anothers women page 119. The chorus was talking about the men of Greece sent to go to war. Explaining that the men may have fought a good battleShow MoreRelatedThe Oresteia Trilogy1735 Words   |  7 PagesOresteia trilogy, Agamemnon has to be the most controversial story regarding female interpretation and gender roles. The character Clytemnestra has not only rejected her feminine role in the Greek society, but also knocks the patriarchal society of its axis because of her masculine actions. The essence of masculinity comes through Clytemnestra with the language that she uses and the pivotal point of the story, her committing the murder of her husband, Agamemnon. Her masculine role, which is most clearlyRead MoreThe Black Horn1355 Words   |  6 Pagesincomprehensible riddle. At first, everything seems to make sense: Agamemnon correlates to the bull and Clytemnestra to the cow, but when we look at passage more closely, we see that Cassandra describes the cow as the one having the horn that gores the bull, and, even more curious, the horn isn’t white, but black. I suggest that this passage, or riddle, reveals the conflation and shifting of gender roles as demonstrated the king and his queen, as Agamemnon is often interpreted as effeminate and Clytemnestra masculineRead MoreGender Issues in Aeschylus Trilogy852 Words   |  4 PagesSibghat Ullah Professor Qayyum Bhatti Research Methodology 6 January 2013 Gender Issues In Aeschylus Trilogy ABSTRACT Throughout human history gender issues have remained a common and important topic of debate.Gender conflict has played very crucial role in the history and destiny of mankind.This essay analyzes the conflicting issues between genders in Aeschylus trilogy Orestia i-e man woman relationship,women status,their efforts for identity and patriarchical system inRead MoreMyths About the Institution of Marriage1040 Words   |  4 Pagesabout social norms, gender roles, and power structures. The mythologies of most cultures include some reference to the marriage relationship, because the institution of marriage brings up a lot of issues: including power, politics, sex, and emotions like anger. Today we are going to discuss one of the most intense marriage relationships in the Greek literature, between Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. If you are familiar at all with Greek literature, you may have heard of Agamemnon. An entire play by AeschylusRead MoreThe s The Odyssey, Lysistrata, And Clytemnestra1530 Words   |  7 Pagesliving within the society s norms fulfilling mostly guided roles like housework. While some works of the time presented women as mere housewives, others often put them in the position of political leaders, heroines, and murderers. The women that rece ive major roles in the stories such as Penelope in Homer s The Odyssey, Lysistrata in Aristophanes Lysistrata, and Clytemnestra in Aeschylus Agamemnon are major characters with important roles, thus breaking the traditions of normal culture during thisRead MoreMisogyny Pervades The Picture Aeschylus Sophocles Antigone1283 Words   |  6 PagesClytemnestra and Cassandra from Aeschylus’s Agamemnon exemplify this archetype of autonomy and destruction. When they confront injustice, male characters perceive them as vindictive and hysterical. This paper will compare the standards of justice Aeschylus’s society imposes on men and women. I will argue that Clytemnestra and Cassandra are protectors of divine justice who reject subservience and thereby transcend the sexism of their society. The women in Agamemnon are as powerful as men but slaves to theRead MoreThe Significance of Animal Symbolism and its Effect on Gender Role1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Significance of Animal Symbolism and its Effect on Gender Role Throughout many ancient Greek texts, there are aspects of nature playing important roles in the main plot. Sometimes they assist the thesis through a metaphor or simile which better visualizes the authors true meaning. Lions have many different personality traits which make them extremely diverse creatures. This also promotes various applications to characters in literary works. In two works, the Oresteia by AeschylusRead MoreThe Role Of Women In Oresteia1627 Words   |  7 Pagessuperiority with little to no voice. Contrastingly, the female character, Cornelia, of Mythos Unbound, reflects gender equality between the male and female. She’s presented as an equal to her husband but superior to their male slaves, reversing the role the female plays. In the last play, the Eumenides, the private blood feud caused a succession of violent acts that spiraled due to the murder of Agamemnon, Cassandra, and Clytemnestra. A new metaphoric democracy is presented, in which the Chor us (the Furies)Read MoreGender And Justice Throughout The Trilogy Of Orestia2017 Words   |  9 PagesMarianna Baggett CLAS 131 Essay #2 14 November 2013 Gender and Justice Throughout Orestia The trilogy of Orestia illustrates the many tragedies that fall upon the House of Atreus and how different characters’ reactions cause further tragedies and further complications in the story. Gender is a prominent theme throughout the trilogy, as certain characters are portrayed as gender characteristics outside of their gender stereotype, and the different genders plea for different verdicts in the trial at theRead MoreSatyricon Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagesis a satiric masterwork of the pragmatic and materialistic attitude of the time, soon to be replaced by Christianity. â€Å"Dinner with Trimalchio† tells a tale from the perspective of Encolpius, a vagabond student of the master Agamemnon, who is invited along as a pupil of Agamemnon to a banquet. The host of the banquet is Gaius Trimalchio, who was once a slave but now a freedman millionaire, who worked hard to attain his power and wealthy status. Trimalchio is known for throwing elegant and overly extravagant

It Is Stated That General Leonard Wood Never Kept Quiet

It is stated that General Leonard Wood never kept quiet in any job that he ever held during his thirty-five years of active federal service in the United States Army. â€Å"When there was work to do, he has done it, from chasing Indians all over our great Southwest back in the ‘eighties’ and over a good slice of Mexico’s northwest, to teaching Cuba how to rule herself.† (Sears, 1919) He was not known for sitting back and just ‘earning his paycheck’. Instead, he chose the more challenging jobs like building new training camps for officers and teaching preparedness to the soldiers of the late war. Through his work ethics, candid leadership, and attitude for the betterment of mankind, he greatly impacted the lives of millions of men throughout the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was as Chief of Staff that General Wood made his greatest contributions to the Army and the Nation. He strengthened the General Staff and firmly established the Ch ief of Staff as the senior officer of the Army. He also reduced the influence of the old bureau system which had hindered military reforms. He was instrumental in developing the Maneuver Division and the Mobile Army concept. As a result, the Army formed its first truly combined arms divisions. This allowed the American Army to fight as a force in the battles and campaigns of the Great War, WWI.† (Homle, 1920) Following the war, General Wood was chosen to be a candidate for the Republican Party for President. Although he was not chosen, he did not get discouraged. He would retire from the Army in 1921 and receive the position of Governor General of the Philippines. Leonard would hold that position until his death on August 7th, 1927 of an unsuccessful brain tumor surgery. Valor â€Å"His gallantry and service as a medical and line officer at the Battle of Geronimo was recognized by a Medal of Honor in 1898. Voluntarily carried dispatches through a region infested with hostile Indians, making a journey of 70 miles in one night and walking 30 miles the next day. Also for several weeks, while in close pursuit of Geronimo s band andShow MoreRelatedRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesbeyond the initial period of the charismatic eruption that brought it into being, it must be routinized. Although the Rastafarian movement has been in existence since the early 1930s, scholars have been rather hesitant in afï ¬ rming its routinization. Leonard Barrett, the ï ¬ rst widely recognized authority on the movement, contends that there is â€Å"ambivalent routinization.†6 However, 4 INTRODUCTION he neither indicates what necessitates the use of the term ambivalent nor explains what it signiï ¬ esRead Morecase study: the Home Depot19454 Words   |  78 Pageslesson we had the opportunity to read quickly through some of the cases. The reason why we have chosen the Home Depot case is first of all that the home improvement industry appealed to us. Maybe not the industry itself, but the fact that we have never written a paper or did research for the home improvement industry. By choosing the Home Depot case to write a paper about, seemed a good way to us to enlarge our knowledge about the (US) home improvement industry. The knowledge gained might prove toRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 Pagesthe actual production purpose of the 1986 Journey to the West series is impossible to prove. Nonetheless, with this in mind, a thorough academic analysis of the series’ content does justify a careful assumption. Moreover, this thesis adds to the general pool of comparative textual-visual research. It illustrates the different methods of message conveyance that are used within different types of media, which is useful for any type of comparative multimedia study. After an introductory section, thisRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPositional Power 293 Transforming Power into Influence 298 Influence Strategies: The Three Rs 298 The Pros and Cons of Each Strategy 300 Acting Assertively: Neutralizing Influence Attempts 304 SKILL ANALYSIS 310 Case Involving Power and Influence 310 River Woods Plant Manager 310 SKILL PRACTICE 311 Exercise for Gaining Power 311 Repairing Power Failures in Management Circuits 311 Exercise for Using Influence Effectively 312 Ann Lyman’s Proposal 313 Exercises for Neutralizing Unwanted Influence Attempts 314Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesManaging Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 17.1. New Principles of Management. . . . . . . . Table 17.2. Differences between Teams and Groups Table 17.3. Useful Roles Played on Teams . . . . . . . . Table 20.1. Schein’s General Managerial Competence Anchor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 . . . . . 179 . . . . . 183 . . . . . 193 . . . . . 215 . . . . . 230 . . . . . 240 . . . . . 247 . . . . . 273 . . . . . 278 . . . . . 284 . . . . .Read MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagestake the case a step further, to investigate what has happened since the case was written, both to the company and even to some of the individuals involved. In the final chapter, the various learning insights are summarized and classified into general conclusions. An Instructor’s Manual written by the author accompanies the text to provide suggestions and considerations for the pedagogical material within and at the ends of chapters. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It seems fitting to acknowledge everyoneRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages 411 A Definition of Power 412 Contrasting Leadership and Power 413 Bases of Power 414 Formal Power 414 †¢ Personal Power 415 †¢ Which Bases of Power Are Most Effective? 416 †¢ Power and Perceived Justice 416 Dependence: The Key to Power 416 The General Dependence Postulate 416 †¢ What Creates Dependence? 417 Power Tactics 418 Sexual Harassment: Unequal Power in the Workplace 421 Politics: Power in Action 424 Definition of Organizational Politics 424 †¢ The Reality of Politics 424 Causes and ConsequencesRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesstudy or Illustration 2.3 on The Steel Industry could be used. Some cases are written entirely from published sources but most have been prepared in cooperation with and approval of the management of the organisation concerned. Case studies can never fully capture the richness and complexity of real-life management situations and we would also encourage readers and tutors to take every possible opportunity to explore the live strategic issues of organisations – both their own and others. The followingRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesepistemological level: the scientific approach to organization The technologies: how modernists get things done How modernist organization theory continues to influence the understanding and exploration of organizations: the organization as system General Systems Theory General Systems Theory builds hierarchies of knowledge that relate to different levels of sophistication in understanding organizations The basic systems of the organization: what every organization must have to surv ive The organization as simpleRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesgoal has been to produce a text that addresses these critical foundations of HRM, yet provide the most current reference possible for the dynamic present and unpredictable future environment of HRM. All research has been updated and examples have been kept as current as possible considering the timeline necessary for publishing a textbook. Some examples will undoubtedly change quickly and unexpectedly. Please consider this an opportunity to research how and why these changes took place and their implications

Marketing Strategy of Cadbury free essay sample

Eclairs, Celebration, Temptations, and Gems, In milk food drinks segment, Cadbury’s main product –Bournvita is the leading malted food Drink in the Country. * Sell three kinds of confectionery : chocolate, gum and candy * Operates in over 60 countries. * 35000 direct and indirect suppliers * 187 years old * 45000 people are employed Company Analysis The company * Parent company: Cadbury plc * Indian subsidiary: Cadbury india ltd (CIL) * Cadbury is the worlds no 1 confectionery company and is 200 years young .. The mission Mission- â€Å"Cadbury in every pocket† Company analysis Market share :chocolate Customer Analysis Customer decision making process Competitor analysis 1. Cadbury- Cadbury, 5Star , Bytes (chocolate snacks) Celebration, Dairy milk , Gems, perk 2. Nestle- Barone, kitkate, milky bar, munch, nestle 3. Amul- amul (choco zoo, chocomines) 4. Dairy milk is the market leader 5. 5 star- (heritage brand which came to India in 1969) has a market share of over 14% Competitor Analysis SWOT Analysis Strength * Reputed Internally as the topmost chocolate provider in the world. The brand is well known to people amp; they can easily identify it from others * Cadbury the world leader in chocolate , is a well known force in marketing and distribution * Users have a positive perception about the quantities of the brand * Cadbury has well adjusted itself to Indian custom. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy of Cadbury or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Weaknesses * There is lack of penetration in the rural market where people tend to dismiss it as a high end Product ,it is mainly found in urban and semi- urban areas. * It has been relatively high priced Brand , which is turning the price conscious customer away. People avoid having their chocolate thinking about the egg ingredients Opportunities * The chocolate market has been one of the greatest increases in the recent times (almost @30%) * There is lot of potential for growth and huge population who do not eat chocolates even today that can be converted as new users. Threats * There exits no brand loyalty in the chocolate market and customers frequently shift their brand * New brands are coming and existing brands are introducing new variants to add to an already overcrowded market. PEST Analysis Political * Political decisions can affect Cadbury’s these can be either advantages or disadvantages, if taxes increases, therefore consumers decrease and sales of stock decreases,however is taxes decrease the likelihood is consumers will buy more. * The government is very concerned about obesity heart problem costing the NHS more each year Economical * If the Minimum wage was brought down, this would mean more money for Cadbury’s but would also result in ,low sales from the consumers. * The interest rates can have an affect on Cadbury’s . f the interest rates were high then Cadbury would not want to borrow as much money for expansion Social * Trend in snacking- increase in people eating on the ‘go’ (vending machines) * Local residents with small Businesses near Cadbury’s worlds would benefit from the money that is being brought in by visitors. * More people are health conscious –will read ingredient content. Technological * Better equi pment * Cost of machinery * New machinery * Maintenance Market segmentation Demographic * Age Group- (3years to 18Years) (18 years to 25 years) (25+ years) Behavioural * Occasions –Diwali, Rakhsha bandhan etc Psychographic * Cadbury became a part of lifestyle Market strategy (4Ps) Product * Cadbury dairy milk * 5star * Perk * Celebrations * Temptations * Eclairs * Gems * Bubbaloo * Bourniville * Dairy milk silk * Halls Price Discount – discount offers in festive sessions Price is an important element of the marketing mix, the price charged for chocolate bar can determine whether a consumer will buy it and the level of sales achieved can determine whether or not Cadbury Schweppes will make a profit Place Cadbury dairy milk is produces at chocolate factory- Manufacturing facilities at: 1. Thane 2. Induri(pune) 3. Malanpur(Gwalior) 4. Bangalore 5. Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) Promotion * Advertisement on TV * Internet * Newspapers, magazines * Hoarding * Promotion through brand ambassadors. Short amp; long term Projection * Cadbury should bring out new products for health conscious people. * It should continue to promote itself as substitute to mithai * Should use Indian ads and avoid global ads in India * New flavours should introduce like strawberry, orange , vanilla etc.

The Seafarer And The Wanderer Essays - Christian Poetry,

The Seafarer And The Wanderer Anglo-Saxon elegies deal with male camaraderie and the bond between man and his creator. Although there are many elegies, The Seafarer and The Wanderer are two of the most prominent. Both of these elegies deal with the loss of social society and the quest for a Christian sense of being close to God. There are many similarities and differences between the two poems. Some of the differences will be discussed here. These differences include point of view, style or form, and mood. Understanding of the elegies will also be discussed here. The point of view for The Seafarer is first person narrative. The speaker tells the story as if he really experienced the events. The speaker makes statements like, how I in harsh days / Hardship endured oft. (3-4). The readers view this as an experienced perspective. In The Wanderer, the point of view varies. It begins with first person and then changes between third person and first person. The speaker makes references to his own experiences and then offers suggestions for action. The speaker seems to have an activist point of view, whereas the speaker for The Seafarer has a pacifist point of view. The styles of the two poems are very different. In The Seafarer, the language is difficult to understand and the sentences or lines are very rough. This allows for some misinterpretation among readers and listeners. The Wanderer is put into a more organized and structured form. When reading The Seafarer, the reader must concentrate and pay close attention to what the speaker is saying. The complicated structure and the abstract form distract the reader. The reader of The Wanderer is able to focus on the meaning the speaker is trying to communicate because the thoughts are in an organized fashion. This allows the reader to get a more in depth understanding and interpretation of the central message. The differences described previously, lead to the most important difference of all, the mood. The mood of The Seafarer is dark and dreary. This is partly due to the pacifist feelings that the speaker has. It seems as if the speaker is on a life or death quest for a relationship with God but takes no action to get the companionship needed for survival. In The Wanderer the speaker seems to take an active role in finding the quest for God. He does this through his suggestions of behavior and plans of action. This allows The Wanderer to have a more hopeful and brighter mood in the situation. The Seafarer seems to be completely submerged in despair. The overall meaning of The Seafarer seems to be that if you are passive, no matter what happens if you do not take action, your goals will never be achieved. No matter what the speaker does, he cannot find that coveted bond with God. The speaker has been exiled and the only friend he has is God but he does not seem to be able to find Gods companionship. The meaning of The Wanderer comes across as a lesson to be learned from the speaker. He gives wonderful advice to the reader on what to do in a situation similar to the one he is in. The speaker is taking an active approach in order to meet his goal. The speaker of this poem has also been exiled but has hope that if he follows a Christian set of rules, he will find Gods love and friendship. The interpretations of these elegies can be very different, yet very similar. The speakers have been through similar situations, beginning with exile, and are now feeling sad and lonely. They are separated from their friends, family, and God. The difference is, The Seafarer has only despair, but The Wanderer has a twig of hope. With these similarities and differences, readers can misinterpret and misunderstand the message of the elegies. The point of view sets the style, the style sets the mood, and the mood allows for understanding and meaning. The real understanding of the elegies come from experience, research, and knowledge. English Essays

The Healthy Families Program Essays

The Healthy Families Program Essays The Healthy Families Program Essay The Healthy Families Program Essay An ideal life for the average person consists of great health, vivacity, overly full of love and care, and respectable people who create a support system throughout it. These elements are usually attributed with the foundation and roots at which a person is born. A family is expected to supply a life like this for children, but what happens when an ideal life is unpleasantly replaced with a nightmare, when parents are no longer parents but perpetrators, either consciously or unconsciously? Families can be (and should be) the most supportive unit in a child’s life, but when the reality is the opposite family abuse can be the most damaging to a person’s future. Physical abuse, sexual abuse, and mental abuse are far too common in our world. Luckily there are programs designed to not only help the recovery for victims of these circumstances, but there are wonderful programs to attempt to prevent the actions from happening to begin with. La Frontera Arizona is an organization that has three smaller programs named Healthy Families, Pasos Adelantes, and Family Passages. The Healthy Families Program works with families who are at risk for child abuse and neglect, those suffering from a lot of stressors in their family. They specialize in categories preventing a harmful future for people all around the world. The Pasos Adelantes Program works with families whose children are enrolled in treatment. The last program Family Passages, works with families that are refugees newly resettled to Tucson. These programs target multiple types of populations, ages, and ethnicities. La Frontera Arizona is currently working with Russians, Africans, Bhutanese, Mexicans, and Iraqi’s. This diversity is inspiring to me because it exemplifies their dedication and passion to preventing this abuse. They do not center their attention on a certain group or type of people. They care so much about preventing these issues they extend their services to people from all over the world. After interviewing with Jeaninne Solomon I had many new insights into a topic beyond relevant in our society. She explained to me the angle that her program attempts to attackdiscontinuing a damaging future for children and families through means of preventing family distress. She xplained that most of her cases deal with entire families, not solely children, usually impoverished ones suffering in destitution. These families seem to have the most issues because their lives in poverty increase stressors in life. Jeaninne’s position in the programs is, to put it simply, the foundation and the backbone of the program. She manages all of the programs and the staff, writes grants, identifies new partners in the community, convenes collision meetings, writes reports, seeks funding, basically managing her program in the most professional and well run manor possible. She works at the community level, having first hand experience with the families she is involved with. Although Jeannine holds major responsibility, she has the aid of her co-workers without whom the program could not succeed. The Family Support Specialists (the people who work with the families directly) must learn the curriculum, plan and deliver lessons faithfully following the curriculum, find resources for families to use, collect evaluation information, and debrief their classes while simultaneously hoping to create relationship with the students peers. Their job is tactful and sensitive to the individuals and hugely important for the reason that they are relaying the information necessary for improvement. Another position, the supervisor. holds a very influential one. The supervisor’s job is to attend the meetings with the families that the program recommends they attend. They are the observers and reporters, the superiority, and the mentors. They provide a safe haven for the families and a reassurance that this program is right for them. These positions are crucial to the programs, obviously making the prerequisites mandatory. In order to obtain a career in these programs, the conditions to do so vary with each one. Each takes a certain type of training ranging quite differently. If interested in Jeaninne’s position one must have a Masters Degree and/or a Bachelor Degree. One thing that caught my attention however, was the level of experience one needed in order to become a Family Support Specialist. During my interview I learned that in order to do so one must have a minimum of a high school diploma. Although they do look and prefer people with Bachelors degree, it isn’t necessary. This was surprising to me, and to be quite honest, somewhat off-putting. I was so excited to learn about these programs because I think they stand for such a wonderful cause, however I would hope that the prerequisites were a bit more esteemed. After learning about these programs I developed a belief in them. I think these programs are some of the most important in the world, for they are shaping the future of our generations by providing help and guidance to those suffering. It left me with an uneasy feeling that someone who graduated high school, never has taken an upper level course, or read subject matter about these issues more complex than a senior year in high school, was eligible to counsel these families. Some of the children may be more educated than the Support Specialist, in which case, seems entirely incongruous. Not to sound arrogant by any means, however I think the importance of these jobs lies in the educating of the troubled, and I don’t understand how those who are not fully educated are able to do so. I think this may be where problems with the social care system for families like this come from. Programs like these are not funded adequately, when they should take priority over many other careers (i. e. professional sports). This isn’t a fun game for these families, this is the harshest reality they have to live through at the time, and without programs like these there would be zero chance of them ever stopping. I think it is important to have employees educated profoundly on these matters so there will be little room for error. Like any job, the employees have their favorite aspects and least favorite aspects they deal with. In the course of my interview I learned that some of the best moments the workers receive is when their outcomes are positive. This response seems obvious, for any company loves when their outcomes are positive, however in a field like this the reward is personal. When families are showing they are learning, using the tactics they were taught, and becoming creative in difficult situations rather than violent or neglectful, the workers of La Frontera can see it is a job well done. Their entire purpose is being served, and applied for a brighter future for the families they care about. One of the aspects I admired most about these programs were how humble and dedicated they were. I would naturally assume that their favorite part of their work would derive from the positive results of their families, however each time Jeannine mentioned the progress she would always mention her other favorite part- learning from the families herself, permitting her to improve the programs. This was truly admirable in my opinion. These programs not only pride themselves on their success rates, but are fully determined to improve themselves as well. The families are truly in good hands, for the people taking care of them genuinely care. It is of no wonder why their least favorite parts of the job include tedious paperwork, reoccurring no-shows of families, and working late evenings. Although these factors would be least enjoyable for most people, it was still motivating to me. These people dedicate their lives, late hours, and missed time with their families to help others. The tedious paper work must be done, and although no one wants to do it, they all do without complaints. I am certain that these commitments are what result in their success. La Frontera Arizona is an organization comprised of three inner programs, each different, yet effective. Healthy Families recently had a national site visit and the scores they received throughout Pima County were the highest scores ever reported on a site visit. Not only does this indicate the sustainability of these programs, but illustrates the value these families hold as well. They are following their recommended service plans, getting their children immunized, not being referred to Child Protective Services, and maintaining a healthier family dynamic. On a satisfaction survey, the number one being the lowest and number seven being the highest, Jeannine reported that her programs usually receive a 6. 5. These numbers are truly remarkable and confirm the productivity of these prevention programs. Pasos Adelante, does not specifically measure outcomes, for their purpose is designed for the parents to achieve their goal on the treatment plan. These accomplishments are measured differently, making the results more difficult to obtain. These results are exceptionally powerful, however do not come at an easy pace. There are models, strategies, and prevention principles, which these programs adamantly follow in order to succeed, as well as they do. Most of these programs are based on what Jeannine called, â€Å"Risk and Protective Factor Theory†. This theory is designed to access the level of risk and protective factors within families and after doing so, target the services to increase the protective factors in order to reduce the risk. They use evidence-based models, some based off Karol Kumpfer in Utah because it is the most highly evaluated program existing right now they apply toward two different programs. Another evidence-based curriculum goes by the name of Growing Great Kids. Among the other strategies is a comprehensive set of strategies dealing with five domains in prevention. Each of those five domains encompasses its own set of strategies: individual, peer, family, institutional, and community domain. The more services they provide in each of those regions the better the outcome. There is an emphasis on community just as much as family work, which creates a lively and active community, hopefully influencing each other for the greater good. These tactics were intriguing to me for the purpose they serve- to enhance the community in hopes of a ripple effect into the homes of the individual difficult family. After interviewing, observing, and learning about this career I have a world of insight into this career path. It is one of the most admirable, important, and life-changing careers I have learned about throughout my life. It is extremely commendable the work these people do, for the effort they put in does not show its worth in a salary. It is a low paying job (monetarily), but the reward these employees receives goes beyond a paycheck. This is a job pertaining to being a hero, and helping people altar their lives from a tragic one to a hopefully happy ending. These staff members work long hours with difficult situations, and yet remain completely faithful. This is the job of a social worker- to dedicate their lives to the savings of others. It may not take quite the prestigious resume to obtain a job in this field, but it does take a remarkable heart. This career choice is a selfless one, and should be more publicly recognized for its great doings. It should not be overlooked by the government, but rather applauded regularly. The funding for these projects is entirely too low and I can only hope that in the future of our generations more attention will paid to the teachers in our lives who literally mold and nurture our futures. The staff of these three particular programs within this organization has remained for the last 20 years, and after speaking with Jeannine she assured me that the dedication of these people is nothing close to short and she wouldn’t be surprised to see them still on board for the next 20 years. I hope for myself that I find a profession that I am just as passionate about as the people who work in this career field are. They are not just social workers they are heroes. They are role models, and friends. They are a support ystem and a new family for those whose at home life seems temporarily broken. Occupations like this are the hope for our society, nation, and world. La Frontera Arizona is an admirable organization that should receive proper recognition for its greatness, as well as the rest of prevention programs existing. We are the future of the world, and we cannot forget to pay attention to those that need a little bit more than us. We are all each others neighbors, and a s a human being we should help the next. For if we do, our world can only progress into wonderful, marvelous things.

10 Deliberately Misspelled Words

10 Deliberately Misspelled Words 10 Deliberately Misspelled Words 10 Deliberately Misspelled Words By Maeve Maddox If all English speakers left school having mastered English spelling conventions, the deliberate misspellings seen in movie titles and various products might not bother me as much as they do. As it is, I dread the effect of the relentless modeling of incorrect spellings in the marketplace. Here are ten of these deliberate misspellings. 1. Misspelling: Biutiful Correct: Beautiful Biutiful is the title of a 2010 movie starring Javier Bardem. The dialogue is in Spanish with English subtitles, but biutiful isn’t a correct spelling in Spanish either. 2. Misspelling: sez Correct: says Simon Sez is a 1999 comedy starring Dennis Rodman. 3. Misspelling: inglourious Correct: inglorious 4. Misspelling: basterds Correct: bastards Director Quinton Tarantino was asked more than once to explain why he decided to misspell the title of his 2009 movie as Inglourious Basterds. On one occasion, he called the misspelling â€Å"a Basquiat-esque touch.† On the David Letterman Show, he said the misspelled title â€Å"is a Quentin Tarantino spelling.† Correctly spelled, Inglorious Bastards is the English title of a 1978 Italian movie directed by Enzo G. Castellari. The Italian title is Quel maledetto treno blindato, â€Å"That Damned Armored Train.† Note: Jean-Michel Basquiat was an American artist who often misspelled words in his graffiti-esque drawings. 5. Misspelling: happyness Correct: happiness The Pursuit of Happyness is a 2006 movie starring Will Smith. The misspelling in the title replicates a misspelled day-care sign. This title is especially pernicious because it reinforces what is already a common misspelling. 6. Misspelling: genisys Correct: genesis The 2015 installment of the Terminator movies uses this misspelling as its title. 7. Misspelling: sematary Correct: cemetery The 1989 movie Pet Sematary is based on Stephen King’s 1983 novel of the same name. The misspelling in the title derives from a sign lettered by children. Like happiness, cemetery is a frequently misspelled word. 8. Misspelling: steemer Correct: steamer An early steam-propelled automobile manufactured by the Stanley Motor Carriage Company (1902-1924) was known as â€Å"the Stanley Steamer.† A carpet-cleaning company founded in 1947 adopted the name â€Å"Stanley Steemer† as a play on the well-known name for the car; the company cleans carpets with a process referred to as â€Å"steam cleaning.† 9. Misspelling: lite Correct: light Various companies use this spelling for products. Two examples are Miller Lite (a beer) and Lite-Brite (a light-box toy). Note: Brite is a nonstandard spelling of bright. 10. Misspelling: kreme Correct: cream Several words that begin with the sound /k/, but which are spelled with the letter c, are popular targets for misspelling. For example: Krispy Kreme, Rice Krispies. Bonus Misspelling: biskit Correct: biscuit A line of Nabisco snack crackers uses this misspelling: Chicken in a Biskit. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingOne Fell SwoopPresent Participle as Adjective

LAB REPORT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lab Report Example The ultimate intention is to determine the polarity of these molecules based on the relative electro-negativities of the atoms relating to the molecular hence stating whether a molecule is either polar or nonpolar. It has been generally known that a non-polar solvent will often dissolve a nonpolar molecule but not a polar molecule. It is therefore to a large extent, necessary to understand the theory behind the polarity of a molecule. This information will be critical in making of prudent decisions in certain chemical practices such as extractions and separations. This report therefore practically looks at the various steps taken to concluding on the polarity of certain molecules. Prominently used in the procedure is the VPESR theory. The VPESR theory seeks to predict molecular shapes of compounds from their Lewis structure since the molecular formulas have no direct relationship to the shape of molecules. According to the VSEPR theory the molecule will take up the geometry so as to minimize valence electron repulsion in the central atom of the molecule. In addition, the presence of lone pairs and the number of valence electrons majorly influence this geometry. There are various geometries which a molecule can adopt. These include; linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal pyramidal and octahedral geometries. After the molecular shape has been obtained the polarity of a molecule can be predicted based on the presence of polar bonds. A bond is polar or non-polar based on the electro-negativities of the atoms in the bond. The greater the difference in electro-negativities the more polar the bond. The atom with a greater electro -negativity tends to pull the shared electrons towards themselves, hence giving them a partial negative charge and leaves the adjacent atom with a partial positive charge, thus polarity. The symbol for a dipole moment of a polar bond is -|-- > with

Analysis of Anti-Semitism and Racism in Gentleman's Agreement(1947) Essay

Analysis of Anti-Semitism and Racism in Gentleman's Agreement(1947) movie - Essay Example Because of its unique subject, clarity of expression and excellent cinematography, this movie won three Oscar awards, one for being the Best movie in 1947, second for having the Best Director, and the third award went to Celeste Holm for being the Best Supporting Actress. Jews have for longed, suffered in America. Jews had been subjected to anti-Semitism in America. In Fortune, an article was published in 1936 which said that Jews were subjected to attacks because of â€Å"inviting prejudice because of their notorious tendency to agglomerate not just in cities but in self-constituted communities within cities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Blum 173). Such articles flared up the stereotypical images of Jews in the public. Jews were treated were badly. There used to be overt expression of racial discrimination by other communities against the Jews. There was discrimination against Jews in the fields of education, accommodation, immigration and employment. Phil Green who is one of the leading characte rs in the movie Gentlemas’s Agreement, plays the role of a news reporter that experiences racial discrimination. Phil is tasked to express his views on anti-Semitism. In order to achieve that, Phil presents himself before the public as a Jew contrary to the fact that he is a Gentile.

Left In The Lurch Essay Example for Free

Left In The Lurch Essay Jim showed up at work today and found out that Sara called in sick but Jim thought he saw Sara at the gas station on his way to work this morning. It was a car like hers and he’s pretty sure that it was her license plate. Jim and Sara were supposed to give a big presentation to the CEO today and Sara never sent him her slides for the PowerPoint show. What are Jim’s options? Jim should call Sara to see if she would answer the phone to check on her. If she answers he could then ask if she would send the power point slides by email. Or Jim could try to postpone the meeting to a later time until he can get the power point slides from Sara or she could be there for the presentation. What does he actually know and what does he think he knows? Does it matter? Jim knows that Sara called in sick and they were to give a big presentation to the CEO and he also knows he doesn’t have her slides for the Power Point show. Jim thinks he saw Sara at the gas station because he saw a car that looked like hers and he thought the license plate was her number. It doesn’t matter why she called in sick or if it was her at the gas station. Jim still needs to find a solution to his problem before the presentation. How could he apply the character qualities you’ve learned about so far (persistence, enthusiasm, optimism, and self-control) in this situation? Being positive in this state of affairs and having the determination to get through this presentation. Being optimistic will help him give the performance without Sara. Jim can exhibit self-control by not getting upset and blaming everything on Sara, when he should be focusing on the presentation. Jim exhibiting self-control, being optimistic, being persistent and enthusiastic all plays a major role in the way he is going handle this problem. These qualities will help Jim to make new slides for his presentation and overcome the urge to be upset with Sara. His ability to show enthusiasm will help him to deliver his presentation to the CEO. What should he do? Jim should try and call Sara to see if she can email the slides. If he can’t get a hold of Sara, Jim can do the slides himself and go into the meeting with confidence and enthusiasm. Jim should focus on getting through the meeting by doing the best that he can do in this type of situation by, showing that he can overcome and adapt to the situation he is facing.

How A Check Is Processed :: essays research papers

Checks are written everyday at almost every place of business. At age 18 anyone with the adequate amount of money can open a checking account of their own. One aspect of checking account functions that many account owners are not familiar with is the processing of their checks after they have been written.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When grocery shopping at a place such as Winn Dixie the customer many times thinks to his or herself whether he or she should pay cash, charge it, or pay for the purchase with a check. He or she may ponder this question in their mind all the way to the check out counter. When the customer makes the decision to pay for the merchandise with a check, a long process is started. This process begins when the check is handed over to the cashier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once all information has been properly placed on the check the cashier then will normally ask for two things, a home phone number and a drivers license number. Once all of the necessary information has been placed on the check by both the cashier and the customer the check is scanned in the automatic check reader. This check reader recognizes the customers account number, A.B.A. number (or routing number), as well as the check number. The computer system can the recognize the specific account and check to make sure that there are no returned checks on that account. Once the checked is approved, it is then printed or endorsed on the back with all proper information for Winn Dixie deposits, including the amount of the purchase, cash back received (if applicable), store location number, date, time, cashier number, and the customer’s account number. The cashier then stores the check in a locked box until it is time for them to go home. All checks are then added together to make sure none are missing and to make sure the cashier put all checks in for the correct amount. All checks received in the office at the end of the day are totaled together and deposited into Winn Dixie’s bank account. When the person responsible goes to the bank and makes the deposit for the business, he or she hands a large number of checks to the bank teller. The teller will then verify the amount of the deposit to the total amount of the checks. After the deposit has been verified and all numbers are correct, the teller will then run the checks through the proof machine to be verified again. How A Check Is Processed :: essays research papers Checks are written everyday at almost every place of business. At age 18 anyone with the adequate amount of money can open a checking account of their own. One aspect of checking account functions that many account owners are not familiar with is the processing of their checks after they have been written.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When grocery shopping at a place such as Winn Dixie the customer many times thinks to his or herself whether he or she should pay cash, charge it, or pay for the purchase with a check. He or she may ponder this question in their mind all the way to the check out counter. When the customer makes the decision to pay for the merchandise with a check, a long process is started. This process begins when the check is handed over to the cashier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once all information has been properly placed on the check the cashier then will normally ask for two things, a home phone number and a drivers license number. Once all of the necessary information has been placed on the check by both the cashier and the customer the check is scanned in the automatic check reader. This check reader recognizes the customers account number, A.B.A. number (or routing number), as well as the check number. The computer system can the recognize the specific account and check to make sure that there are no returned checks on that account. Once the checked is approved, it is then printed or endorsed on the back with all proper information for Winn Dixie deposits, including the amount of the purchase, cash back received (if applicable), store location number, date, time, cashier number, and the customer’s account number. The cashier then stores the check in a locked box until it is time for them to go home. All checks are then added together to make sure none are missing and to make sure the cashier put all checks in for the correct amount. All checks received in the office at the end of the day are totaled together and deposited into Winn Dixie’s bank account. When the person responsible goes to the bank and makes the deposit for the business, he or she hands a large number of checks to the bank teller. The teller will then verify the amount of the deposit to the total amount of the checks. After the deposit has been verified and all numbers are correct, the teller will then run the checks through the proof machine to be verified again.

Bully Essay

Bullying Everyday thousands of teens wake up afraid to go to school because of the fear of being bullied. Bullying is an ongoing problem that affects millions of students negatively on a daily basis. Most people don’t realize how big of an impact bullying has on our society. There are many reason and effects of bullying. Although the reasons people bully others vary, there are many common factors seen in bullying situations. One of the main issues we see in bullies is that they have family issues such as  parents fighting or money issuesChildren who are bullied have many negative effects. But the victims aren’t the only ones who are affected. Bullying also affects those who bully, and those who witness bullying. Kids who are bullied are more likely to experience effects such as  depression and anxiety, Health complaints, and    Decreased academic achievement. Not only are the victims effects negatively affected but so are to bullies themselves. Kids who bully othe rs can also engage in violent and other risky behaviors into adulthood. Bullying can happen anywhere from cities, schools, or at home.Why do young people bully each other? I think bullies can change because they are not born that way. I think that if they are treated better and respected more they can change. Most bullies bully others because they are treated badly or they have been bullied before by peers, family members or in school. I have a friend that used to bully others, but I told him to stop because I know he wouldn’t like to be bullied. I kind of treated him like he treated others so he can feel what it feels like to be bullied.I guess you could say I was bullying him, but it was to help others and himself because he could have done something worst than bullying. It could have led to a bigger thing like him bringing a knife, gun, or a lethal weapon. If you care about someone you should help them change so they won’t end up regretting their whole life. Teacher s see bullying happening in classrooms and on the field, but they still don’t do anything. â€Å"1 in 4 teachers see nothing wrong with bullying and will only intervene 4% percent of the time. â€Å"The most common reason cited for being harassed is a student's appearance or body size. 2 out of 5 teens feel that they are bullied because of the way that they look. † Sanchez 2 Professional have asked students how do they feel and why do they think bullies bully others and that what they answer. Some bullies bully because they don’t feel like they fit in with the others. I think all this can be changed and we could all help out the ones that feel left out. If we were all to help out everyone that feels left out, we would see a better school.I see students that bully others, but no one is brave enough to stand up and say something not even the victim. Some take it to serious and end up hurting someone real badly that they will do something they will regret forever. If teachers were to care a little more and actually see what’s going on around they could prevent all this. I think we could all make a change. work cited http://bullyfree. com/free-resources/facts-about-bullying http://www. dosomething. org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-school-bullying

Oceans and Atmosphere Worksheet Essay

The Oceans 1. What is the composition of seawater? The salinity of seawater ranges from 3.3 to 3.7%. When seawater evaporates it leaves behind sodium chloride, better known as table salt. The other components of seawater are acquired through various methods. One of which is weathering. Chemical weathering of rock releases soluble such as salts of sodium, potassium, and sulfur. 2. What are the three major layers (zones) found in the ocean? Describe each layer briefly. The three layers of the ocean are the surface layer, the thermocline, and the deep zone. The surface layer goes up to 100 meters deep and consists of low density, warm water. In the thermocline temperatures decrease rapidly as it extends to depths of 1500 meters. The deep zone maintains a cold temperature of about -2 degrees Celsius and extends to the ocean floor beyond the thermocline. 3. What is an ocean current? Surface ocean currents are caused by winds. Wind presses on the ocean’s surface and forces the water to move along with it. These currents range from 50 to 100 meters in depth and are contained to the surface layer. Deep ocean currents are caused by several factors including temperature and salinity, which accounts for the water’s density. 4. How do oceans regulate climate? There are several ways in which the oceans regulate the climate. The oceans act as a sink for excess carbon dioxide which helps to regulate the greenhouse effect. Also there is a heat exchange that occurs within the ocean that is extremely important. Water can be heated more efficiently by the sun’s rays rather than land. The sun’s ray’s can penetrate much further into the water. Water has a higher heat capacity than land. Latent heat also plays a role, as water is frozen heat is released and as water in unfrozen heat is absorbed. 5. What causes a change in sea level? The changes in sea level can be contributed to the addition or subtraction of water to the oceans. The additions come from the melting of stored water that come in the form of glaciers and ice caps during times of global warming. Subtraction comes from the removal of water to land based frozen forms during times of global cooling. 6. What causes ocean tides? Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of both the moon and the sun. The moon being closer has a greater effect on tides. Water on the side of Earth closest to the moon bulges toward the moon. There is also a bulge away from the moon on the opposite side of the Earth. 7. What is the relationship between plate tectonics and the ocean floor—seafloor spreading, for example? 8. What are different ways that earth materials are moved around in the oceans? Surf is a powerful force. It causes erosion and moves sediment from one location to another. Currents are another manner in which materials are transported through the ocean system. There is a longshore current and a beach drift responsible for disturbing and transporting materials. 9. What are the different types of shorelines? Describe each type briefly. There is a rocky coast, lowland beach and barrier island, as well as coral reef. A rocky coast describes the most common type of costal area. This is where there are vertical wave cut cliffs and horizontal bench cut cliffs. The erosion undermines the cliffs and sends the resulting debris into the ocean forming rough outcroppings. Beaches are not only the sand areas on land they extend into the sand in the surf zone. During low tide, sands are sometimes blown onto land creating dunes or barrier islands. A coral reef is formed in an area where temperatures exceed 18 degrees Celsius but do not exceed 30. Also they are formed only at or above sea level. Coral is a limestone reef formed by a colony of organisms which secrete calcium carbonate as their skeletal material. 10. Why do waves change as they approach shorelines? A wave changes as it approaches shore due to the fact that a wave exists not only on the surface but also below water. As a wave approaches shore it comes into contact with the shallow sea floor and this begins to distort the loop shape of the water movement. It causes the wave height to increase while the wavelength shortens. Atmosphere 1. What is the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere? Air is what envelopes the Earth. Air is invisible and typically odorless. Air has two highly viable components that are aerosols and water vapor. Aerosols are liquid and solid particles so small that they remain suspended. Water vapor in air is expressed in terms of humidity. When ignoring aerosol and water vapor these gasses, termed dry air, are present and known as nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. There are more gases that make up a very minute portion of the atmosphere but play a vital role known as carbon dioxide, neon, and six others. 2. What are the four major layers of the Earth’s atmosphere? Describe each layer briefly. There is the Troposphere, the Stratosphere, the Mesosphere, and the Thermosphere. The Troposphere contains 80% of all actual mass of the atmosphere. It is also the layer where all weather phenomenon take place. Most all heat absorbing gases reside here. The Stratosphere contains 19% of all atmospheres mass. The Mesosphere and Thermosphere together contain only 1% of the atmospheric mass. The thermosphere absorbs short ultraviolet wavelengths. The Mesosphere absorbs medium wavelengths. The Stratosphere absorbs long wavelengths. 3. What is the greenhouse effect? The greenhouse effect is how the Earth’s surface is heated. Greenhouse gasses such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane absorb some of the outgoing infrared terrestrial radiation and prevent it from escaping. 4. How would you describe the ozone layer? Why is the ozone layer important? The ozone layer is a protective area in the outer three layers of the  atmosphere that protect the earth from harmful radiation by blocking particular wavelengths. 5. What is the relationship among the Earth’s atmosphere, the sun, and the rotation of the Earth? The sun heats the Earth’s atmosphere and makes it a habitable planet. The earth is a sphere so the sun cannot warm every place on earth at once. This issue is solved by the earth’s rotation and its rotation around the Sun. 6. What is the Coriolis effect? The Coriolis effect causes anything that moves freely with respect to the rotating earth to veer off a straight path. This can be demonstrated through long range missile launches that have been known to land far from their intended targets due to the earth’s rotation. 7. How would you define climate? Climate is an average of weather patterns over a long period of time, generally on a regional or global scale. 8. How does the atmosphere regulate climate? Atmosphere regulates climate through weather patterns created through the greenhouse effect. This process creates heat within water vapors and other gasses that are the main contributing factors in weather. Also the filtration of wavelengths by the upper atmospheres keeps the earth’s climate at a more even temperature. 9. What are the six global climate zones? What are the main climate effects on people and the environment? The six climate zones are tropical, dry, temperate-humid, cold-humid, polar, and highland. Each zone is driven by solar energy which drives temperature, seasonality, precipitation which in turn fosters vegetation, . These factors make a zone habitable or non habitable. 10. How do the oceans and the atmosphere interact? The oceans provide a great deal of moisture for the atmosphere. This moisture is a main component in heat exchange which leads to weather patterns. Water is in constant motion and plays a vital roles in the regulation of the atmosphere.

Essay about libary research

Essay about libary research Essay about libary research Shelby Cofer McCarter ENG 100 A13 30 September 2014 Literacy Narrative Final I step inside my first class of the day which is English, I look and English 100 it says on the syllabus but my only thought is what am I doing here? I felt so confused because I took advanced placement English classes in high school but now in college I’m taking a developmental course that doesn’t even count as credit. I started looking back at my academic career and then I realized I was let down by the education system, my teachers, and most importantly myself. Before I even try to place blame on anyone I go back to the very beginning. But honestly I don’t even remember learning how to read but I’m pretty sure it was my family that taught me because I entered school being able to read. In elementary school I excelled in reading classes, often being the one called on to read out loud and to do special projects. My parents were so proud of my reading abilities and would often brag to others about it. At that age I couldn’ t get enough of reading it exposed me to many different things and I couldn’t wait to open a book and enter a new world. Middle School was the period when my relationship with reading started to change. Most of the subject matter didn’t interest me, but on top of that the English classes had the same routine. The world that reading once put me in wasn’t there and it had an adverse effect on me. Another factor in my change in reading would be the teachers I had.

Primitive Data Types in Java Programming

Primitive Data Types in Java Programming In almost every Java program you will find primitive data types being used. They provide a way to store the simple values the program is dealing with. For example, consider a calculator program that allows the user to perform mathematical calculations. In order for the program to achieve its goal, it has to be capable of storing the values the user enters. This can be done using variables. A variable is a container for a specific kind of value that is known as a data type. Primitive Data Types Java comes with eight primitive data types to handle simple data values. They can be split into four categories by the kind of value they hold: Integers: these are positive and negative whole numbers.Floating Point Numbers: any number that has a fractional part.Characters: a single character.Truth Values: either true or false. Integers Integers hold number values that cannot have a fractional part. There are four different types: byte: uses one byte to store values from -128 to 127short: uses two bytes to store values from -32,768 to 32,767int: uses four bytes to store values from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647long: uses eight bytes to store values from -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 As you can see from above the only difference between the types are the range of values they can hold. Their ranges directly correlate to the amount of space the data type needs to store its values. In most cases when you want to represent a whole number use the int data type. Its ability to hold numbers from just under -2 billion to a little over 2 billion will be suitable for most integer values. However, if for some reason you need to write a program that uses as little memory as possible, consider the values you need to represent and see if the byte or short is a better choice. Likewise, if you know the numbers you need to store are higher than 2 billion then use the long data type. Floating Point Numbers Unlike integers, floating point numbers like fractional parts. There are two different types: float: uses four bytes to store values from -3.4028235E38 to 3.4028235E38double: uses eight bytes to store values from -1.7976931348623157E308 to 1.7976931348623157E308 The difference between the two is simply the range of fractional numbers they can hold. Like integers the range directly correlates to the amount of space they need to store the number. Unless you have memory concerns its best to use the double data type in your programs. It will handle fractional numbers to the precision needed in most applications. The main exception will be in financial software where rounding errors cannot be tolerated. Characters There is only one primitive data type that deals with individual characters – the char. The char can hold the value of one character and is based on 16-bit Unicode encoding. The character might be a letter, digit, punctuation, a symbol or a control character (e.g., a character value that represents a newline or a tab). Truth Values As Java programs deal in logic there needs to be a way to determine when a condition is true and when it is false. The boolean data type can hold those two values; it can only be true or false.

Ban the Box Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ban the Box - Essay Example Ban the Box Although there are still many arguments regarding the ban the box movement, the major concept is to provide flexibility to the criminals who have been convicted but want to reenter the society and get employed to live a better life. Once they have served their sentence, they have the rights just as the other people of the society. An inclusion in the employment application that a person has convicted a crime in his past is a lifelong restriction which would paralyze the person from starting a new life and living equally in the society. This is also a form of discrimination on the grounds of previous records. One of the major social concerns in the modern world has been employment. People look for new ways to employ themselves and earn for their living. However, one of the many requirements of employment is the past criminal records of the person seeking the job. Many businesses in America have a section in their employment applications which asks whether the person has been trialed i n court ever. This creates a social barrier between those people who have had a criminal record and those who haven’t. Even though this concept sounds justifiable, it is not. Ban the box movement carried out a campaign giving a second chance to those people who were convicted but wanted to be reemployed and stat their lives all over again, which is nothing wrong. Thus, the name of the movement refers to banning the box, which indicates criminal convictions on employment applications.... The number of people with a criminal record is increasing day by day in America. The prison population has also increased out of which a majority is released every day and others are sent back due to new crimes. Most of the population of prison consists of African Americans which is a challenging aspect for their communities especially regarding the restrictions of reemployment. The more people in prison demonstrate the difficulties in reemployment that a number of people face due to having a criminal record. Even if they tend to seek legal and honest employment, they suffer several barriers; discrimination and inequality being the major (Loeb, 2010). As more and more people are facing this problem, it is affecting the community negatively. The people who have been convicted in the past have families and close relatives who are free to access to their rights and enjoy equality in the society, then why not they themselves. If their families have the rights to prosper and contribute in the society, then everyone has the equal right and opportunity for employment. Employment is one of the basic attributes to live and, thus, it creates a safe community. Having an exception for those people who have had past criminal records seems unfair to many. Incarceration of an individual has led to many benefits and costs to the society such as decrease in crime rates and increase in operating costs of prisons. However, there may be a huge impact of incarceration on employment and earning of the offender after his release. One group of thinkers suggests that the employment of an ex-offender is a high risk as it gives them the tendency to recidivate and repeats their offence. However, the other group of thinkers suggests that

Jeri Caldwell at Moex, INC Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jeri Caldwell at Moex, INC - Assignment Example rt from that, others like Jeff Fairbanks, Bonita Harriman and Rafford Marshall feel being subjected to colorblind referring to conforming to the mainstream or dominant group way and feel pressured to give up their unique way of speaking, dressing, religion or relating to one another by the minority group (Robins, Judge and Vohra, 56). The minority group at MOEX is also experiencing exclusion discrimination as they feel they are treated like outsiders in the company. The problems are coming from the past behavior that is unfair discrimination practices of the company, insufficient affirmative action to correct the past discrimination and ineffective diversity management. Also the conservative culture of MOEX, in comparison with other high-tech firms, low representation of minorities in the workforce due to company’s inability to attract and retain diverse people and its reputation in color communities of being unsupportive and sometimes hostile attitude towards colored people are leading to the problems of discrimination and colorblindness. Apart from that, the discriminatory behavior of dominant group that is stereotyping the color people, ethnocentrism and non-inclusion of minorities are also contributing to the problem of discrimination. To tackle the problem of unfair discrimination the simplest method is using legislation and affirmative action. However legal approaches are effective only after the event of discrimination as they do not exactly specify how discrimination can be prevented (Crane and Matten, 275). It is also clear from the case that MOEX has taken steps towards changing its past behavior with respect to discrimination by recruiting diverse employees. However its strategy was not effective and it also failed to retain diverse employees. It is in the hands of the management and its policies can avoid the occurrence of discrimination, colorblind and exclusion. MOEX by implementing the following diversity management strategies can effectively

Physical science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Physical science - Essay Example prejudice and stereotypes; â€Å"lawn maintenance schedules are inconvenient.† This is a misconception because it is based on faulty information; lawn maintenance schedules can be efficient depending on the level of grass at which one wants the lawn to thrive. One may want a thick, manicured, and lush grass garden; alternatively, one may want a simple lawn of short grass. The internet and other credible sources present a wide variety of scheduling resources and systems for lawn owners depending on the level of maintenance one wants to achieve. The second argument is based on inductive reasoning; â€Å"turf becomes better the more it is irrigated.† This is theoretical and a misconception due to lack of biological and chemical knowledge; in Arkansas, more fine turf is destroyed as a result of overwatering than from under-watering. Lawns should be watered early in the morning and once a week in the summer months. Research shows that most cultivators of bermudagrass spend less on water than those who use zoysiagrass. The third argument is based on red herring; â€Å"lawn maintenance is expensive as compared to xeriscaping gardens, which take up less water†. This is a red herring argument since it diverts the topic of lawn maintenance to the water issue. While it is true that water is a problem in the United States, lawns can be effectively watered to reduce wastage. Watering in the heat of the day is ineffective. Watering late in the afternoon is less costly and an effective way of maintaining the

Measuring Depression for Individuals with Chronic Illness

Measuring Depression for Individuals with Chronic Illness The main intend of present study was to develop a reliable self-report indigenous measure of depression in people with chronic illnesses. Early detection of depression may decrease the risk of increment of disease burden and may provide insight for future coping skills to manage diseases in patients with chronic illnesses. Currently used scales for screening depression in Pakistan originated in Western countries. These scales are used as in original version, translated and/or in adaptive version (Naeem, 1990). Regardless of the high reliability and validity of the scales, there have been certain limitations in their capacity to identify depressive symptoms in Pakistani population. That is because of many cultural and regional differences that have an effect on mental disorders. These limitations of presently used Western scales possibly will increase the risk of mislaid symptoms in local population. By keeping these reviews in mind, it becomes visible that there is need to develop a new measure to assess depression in people with chronic illnesses with multivariate psychometric properties. That enables the clinician or researcher to measure the depression and its complicated effects on various chronic illnesses or vice-versa. Therefore this study attempted to develop a culturally receptive scale to measure depression as well as the assessment of validity and reliability of this scale named Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale (DCIS). The Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale is a 31-item, four points rating scale. Results ascertain Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale as a reliable and valid apparatus with significant psychometric properties such as high internal consistency, test re-test reliability, sufficient convergent validity with other similar constructs and adequate discriminant validity with non-clinical population. The DCIS require respondents to report feelings that they experienced in last six months. Item number 10, 18, 26 and 31 are an Urdu adaptation of Beck Depression Inventory- (1961). The DCIS subjected to principal axis factor analysis. Factor analysis is most important method of test development because it provides the dimensionality of the factors and reveals underlying factors of the data (Field 2005; Widaman Floyed, 1995; Guilford, 1948). Consistency of the factor analysis reliant on the attribute of data that have to be checked its aptness before analyzing, and sample size is one of them. Sizes of the sample may vary according to the requirement (Field, 2005). Sample size of more than 200 cases is sufficient for the factor analysis (Guilford, 1956). Whereas another decisive factor for factor analysis is communalities after extraction will be greater than .5 (Field 2005). The present study fulfills these requirements (Table 2). Table 2 indicates that most of the items show communalities greater than .5. To test the sample adequacy and Sphericity, KMO and Bartlett’s test was also carried out. The acceptable range of KMO value must be greater than .5 (F ield, 2005). In present study the KMO value is .8 (Table 1) which falls within the moderate range (Field, 2005) and fulfill the requirement to produce reliable and distinct factors while analyzing. Finally Bartlett’s test of Sphericity is also highly significant (p Factor analysis was carried out to estimate the strength of the relationship of individual items with the concepts and to determine the possible essential structures of Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale. Factor analysis quickly enables to take decision regarding item retention on the basis of good indicator of the construct and item deletion on the basis of poor indicator of the construct. After the assessment of decision making for factor analysis, specific criteria has been used that guide factor analytic decision making. That is based on the magnitude of the factor structure loading of one item on a factor opposed to another. When an item loaded on more than one factor the difference between the loadings must be at least .10 and an item needed .30 factors loading to be retained for further analysis (Nunnally, 1978). For the present study table 3 and 4 shows six distinct factors with Eigen Value greater than 1, whereas one strong factor with an eigen value of 11.01 that is expl aining 35.5% of the variance in the items. All items showed high loading on factor one ranging from .42 to .79. On the other hand rotation of factors extracted six factors by using Varimax Rotation Method. Though most of the items including items 1 (hopelessness), 2 (sadness), 3 (worthlessness), 4 (feeling of being rejected), 8 (pessimism), 12 (self-criticalness), 22 (hopelessness) are loaded on factor one which fall within the category of negative thinking. While items 5 (loss of energy), 6 (fatigue), 7 (fatigue), 17 (loss of pleasure) and 21 (loss of sleep) are loaded on factor two which is the category of lack of motivation. On the other hand third factor regret feelings comprised of item 9 (past failure), 18 (loss of pleasure) 28 (feeling of punishment) and 29 (loneliness). While item 10 (worry), 11(self dislike), 14 (hesitant), 15 (lack of confidence), 16 (uncertainty) and 19 (inability to make decision) are loaded on factor four fall within the category of indecisiveness. Whil e item 13 (feebleness), 20 (obsessed thoughts), 25 (crying), 26 (despondent) and 30 (self criticalness) are loaded on Factor five and this category is labeled as helplessness. While item 23(agitation), 24 (anger), 25 (crying), 27 (loss of appetite) and 31 (criticalness) are loaded on factor six and fall within the category of irritability. In present study item 25 (crying) loaded on factor five (helplessness) and factor six (irritability) simultaneously because the content of this item related to both factors. Almost all the item-total correlations of Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale (Table 6) are highly positive within the suggested range of .30–.70 (Ferketich, 1991). Item number 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30 and 31 showed strong positive correlation with the total scores. Their correlations with the total scores ranging between .5 to .7 and considered to be better-quality items for assessing depression in chronically ill patients. Item number 5, 6, 7, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 26 and 27 showed moderate positive correlation with the total score. Their correlations with the total scores ranged in between .49- .39. The reasonably high levels of item-total correlation suggest that the items are sufficiently related. Inter-item correlations of Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale are also calculated. Result indicates that item 1 (hopelessness) is highly correlated with worthlessness to feeling of being rejected to pessimism to past failures to self criticalness to feebleness to lack of confidence to uncertainty to loss of pleasure to obsessed thoughts to loss of sleep to anger to crying to feeling of punishment to loneliness and to criticalness. Furthermore item 2 (sadness) is significantly correlated with worthlessness to feeling of being rejected to pessimism to past failure to self criticalness to uncertainty to loss of pleasure to obsessed thought hopelessness to agitation to crying to despondent and to feeling of punishment. Item number three worthlessness significantly related to feeling of being rejected to pessimism to past failure to worry to uncertainty to loss of pleasure to inability to make decision to obsessed thoughts hopelessness to agitation to anger to crying to feeling of puni shment to loneliness to guilt. Item 4 feeling of being rejected is highly correlated with pessimism to past failure to worry to self criticalness to feebleness to lack of confidence to uncertainty to loss of pleasure to feeling of punishment to loneliness. Item 5 loss of energy is related to fatigue to feebleness to loss of pleasure to loss of sleep to feeling of punishment. Item 6 fatigue is highly related to feebleness to loss of pleasure to loss of sleep to feeling of punishment. Item 7 fatigue is highly related to self dislike to feebleness to loss of pleasure to loss of sleep to hopelessness to feeling of punishment. Item 8 is related to past failure significantly related to past failures to worry to self dislike to self criticalness to feebleness to lack of confidence to uncertainty to loss of pleasure to inability to make decisions to obsessed thoughts to hopelessness to agitation to crying to feeling of punishment to loneliness. Item 9 past failures is highly related to worr y to self dislike to self criticalness to feebleness to lack of confidence to uncertainty to loss of pleasure to inability to make decisions to obsessed thoughts to loss of sleep to hopelessness to agitation to crying to despondent to loss of appetite to loneliness to feeling of punishment. On the other hand self dislike, self criticalness, hesitant, lack of confidence, uncertainty, loss of pleasure, inability to make decisions, hopelessness, crying, feeling of punishment and loneliness are significantly relates with item 10 worry. Item 11 self dislike relates with hesitant to lack of confidence to loss of pleasure to obsessed thoughts to loss of sleep to hopelessness to agitation to loss of appetite to feeling of punishment. Item 12 self criticalness is highly related to feebleness to hesitant to lack of confidence to uncertainty to loss of pleasure to loss of sleep to hopelessness to agitation crying to loss of appetite to feeling of punishment. Item 13 feebleness is highly relate d with hesitant to lack of pleasure to uncertainty to loss of pleasure to inability to make decision to obsessed thoughts to hopelessness to agitation to anger to crying to despondent to loneliness to feeling of punishment. Item 14 hesitant is significantly related to lack of confidence to uncertainty to loss of pleasure to inability to make decision to hopelessness to agitation to anger to crying to despondent to loneliness. Item 15 lack of confidence is related to uncertainty to loss of pleasure to inability to make decision to hopelessness to agitation anger to crying to loneliness. Item 16 uncertainty is significantly related to loss of pleasure to inability to make decision to crying. Item 17 loss of pleasure is significantly related to inability to make decision to obsessed thoughts to loss of sleep to hopelessness to agitation to anger to crying to despondent to loss of appetite to feeling of punishment to loneliness. Loss of pleasure (item 18) is moderately related to inabil ity to make decision to loss of sleep to hopelessness to agitation to anger to crying to loss of appetite to feeling of punishment to loneliness. Item 19 inability to make decisions are related crying and despondent. Item 20 is highly related to hopelessness to agitation to anger to crying to loneliness to criticalness. Loss of sleep (item 21) is significantly related hopelessness to agitation to anger to loss of appetite to feeling of punishment to self-criticalness. Hopelessness (22) is significantly related to agitation to anger to crying to feeling of punishment despondent to loneliness. Anger is significantly related to crying to feeling of punishment to loneliness. Crying and despondent are more closely linked with self punishment and self-criticalness. Moreover feeling of punishment made its significant link with loneliness and self-criticalness. Link can be explained in the way that feeling of punishment arises when people have critical attitude for self and others and this attitude inculcate more criticalness towards self and the person entrap in vicious circle. Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale displayed its strength by providing significant test re-test reliability (table 8). Test re-test reliability was estimated by administration of Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale twice with the interval of one week between two administrations. Result establishes a high temporal stability of the scale i.e. a significantly high Pearson Product Moment Correlation of .716. It represents that the people with chronic illnesses maintain their relative position over a given period of time. Another reason of high test re-test reliability is those items that have significant item-total correlation in the Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale. Because those items momentously contribute in enhancing reliability of the scale. In addition people with depression usually consistent with their opinion about the feelings, experiences and illness. For estimation of internal consistency of the Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and split half reliability were computed. Cronbach’s alpha and split half reliability of Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale was found to be .902 and .875 respectively indicate that Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale highly internally consistent. Moreover high alpha range indicate that every single item of the scale assess the same construct as the total does. Therefore Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale provides an excellent support for measuring depression in chronic illnesses. Convergent validity is demonstrated by high positive correlations between different measures of the same traits (Campbell Fisk, 1959; Domino Domino, 2006). The Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale indicated good convergent validity in that it revealed significant and strong correlations with previously validated scales such as the CES-D i.e. .823 and HRDS i.e. .718 (table 9). To assess convergent validity, scores of the DCIS were compared to the scores of CES-D and HRSD scales. A positive correlation was expected between these three scales because of the superior clinical relevance of the CES-D and HRSD. A positive correlation between the DCIS, CES-D and HRSD provides an empirical support of the convergent validity of the newly established scale. Discriminant validity of a scale corresponds to the extent to which a test does not correlate considerably with that variable from which it ought to diverge (Campbell Fisk, 1959; Domino Domino, 2006). In order to explore discriminant validity, means, standard deviations and correlations between the scores of clinical population and non-clinical population were assessed (table 10, 11). The results demonstrated that there is a considerable difference in the means and standard deviations for both groups. The results further demonstrated significantly poor correlations between them, suggested that the DCIS can discriminate well between patients with chronic illness and normal peoples. Conclusion Depression in Chronic Illnesses Scale is constructing to provide a psychometrically reliable and valid self-report indigenous screening test for depression in people with chronic illnesses. There was no validated measure for screening the depression in chronically ill patients’ available indigenously. To fill that gap, the Depression in Chronic Illness Scale developed and is the first indigenous test which is culturally sensitive for screening depression in chronic illnesses. Findings of the study suggested that the DCIS captures several important areas of depression in patients with chronic illnesses. The scale will help clinician and primary care practioners to diagnose unnoticed depression missed due to the chronic disease burden. The scale has demonstrated good psychometric properties. Internal consistency for the overall scale was .902 falling within the recommended range, suggesting the scale is internally highly reliable. The factor analysis also supported the concept of depression as a multidimensional construct and consistent with the literature review. Significant input from chronically ill patients and health care professionals that guided in scale development. The scale is of four point likert type response system with high test retest reliability and sufficient convergent validity with Centre of Epidemiologic Study-Depression and Hamilton Rating Scale for depression. DCIS is a 31 items and 4 point likert type scale where each item scores on 0-3 rating system such as strongly agree 3, agree 2, disagree 1 and strongly disagree rated as 0. The collective sum of score is 93. The administration of the scale do not required much time i.e. five to ten minutes. Classificatory indices of the scores are, 0-30 indicates minimal depression, 31-41 indicates mild depression, 42-55 indicates moderate depression and more than 55 points indicates severe level of depression. The language of the DCIS is understandable and concise and does not require specific educational level. The only requirement is understanding and comprehension of Urdu language. Instructions of the scale are clearly stated without any ambiguity. The administration and scoring of DCIS does not need a skilled and trained interviewer. DCIS has hand scoring with little time consuming. In general, the DCIS is a useful test to provide a quick and proficient approach to assess depression in people with chronic illnesses. Furthermore, DCIS can also be use in research settings and will be as useful as in clinical settings. There are certain limitations that have a tendency to cloud the issue. The sample is to some extent small, containing only 220 chronically ill patients and the socioeconomic status of the participants is not accounted. However, as the DCIS was developed and validated only in Karachi, further studies need to evaluate its applicability in more demographically and culturally diverse samples of Pakistan. Gender differences may exist in terms of depression but present study did not address the issue. Future studies have to explore this possible gender difference. Another limitation of DCIS could be its applicability that is solely dependent on respondent’s mutual aid and their comprehension regarding Urdu language. Future studies can develop and validate the DCIS clinician rating scale to address this issue. There is need to control false positive and false negative responses from patients and the present study does not cater this issue. Further studies have to explore and control this issue.

Analysis of A Cry in the Dark Essay -- A Cry in the Dark Religion Chri

Analysis of A Cry in the Dark A Cry in the Dark, based on a true story, is about a mother whose baby is killed during a camping trip along with her husband. The mother, Lindy Chamberlain claims to have seen her baby being carried away by a dingo and then assumes that the dingo is the cause of her baby's death. As she reports this to the police, she is inconsistent with some of the details that she reports along with other factors that stood against her, the police, meda, and even people watching this take place as it caused commotion in the news, accuse her of murdering the child. The mother and the father of the murdered baby are religious and dedicated to the religion of the Seventh Day Adventists. This is a Christian religion whose main idea is the comming of Jesus Chirst for the second time and observing Sabath. Because of events associated with the religion similar to the religion of the Seventh Day Adventists, people assumed that the religion of the Seventh Day Adventists were similar to that of a cult. Also, what increased their reputation of being related to a cult and violence, was their idea and encouraging of scarfices for their religion. Since Lindy Chamberlain followed this religion and was dedicated to it religiously, people assumed that she could be just as violent and sacrifice her baby Azaria into the wilderness. Ironically, the meaning of her baby's name, Azaria, is "sacrificed in the wilder... Analysis of A Cry in the Dark Essay -- A Cry in the Dark Religion Chri Analysis of A Cry in the Dark A Cry in the Dark, based on a true story, is about a mother whose baby is killed during a camping trip along with her husband. The mother, Lindy Chamberlain claims to have seen her baby being carried away by a dingo and then assumes that the dingo is the cause of her baby's death. As she reports this to the police, she is inconsistent with some of the details that she reports along with other factors that stood against her, the police, meda, and even people watching this take place as it caused commotion in the news, accuse her of murdering the child. The mother and the father of the murdered baby are religious and dedicated to the religion of the Seventh Day Adventists. This is a Christian religion whose main idea is the comming of Jesus Chirst for the second time and observing Sabath. Because of events associated with the religion similar to the religion of the Seventh Day Adventists, people assumed that the religion of the Seventh Day Adventists were similar to that of a cult. Also, what increased their reputation of being related to a cult and violence, was their idea and encouraging of scarfices for their religion. Since Lindy Chamberlain followed this religion and was dedicated to it religiously, people assumed that she could be just as violent and sacrifice her baby Azaria into the wilderness. Ironically, the meaning of her baby's name, Azaria, is "sacrificed in the wilder...

Judicial Precedent Essay

Judicial Precedent is another important source of law, it is an independent source of law, where there are no legislations on the particular point in statute Books, and Judicial Precedent works great. Judicial precedent has been accepted as one of the important sources of law in most of the legal systems. It is also a continuous, growing source of law. According to Salmond, the doctrine of precedent has two meanings, namely (1) in a loose sense precedent includes merely reported case-law which may be cited and follows by the court, (2) in its strict sense, precedent means that case-law which not only has a great binding authority. But must also be followed. There are variety of different views about the nature of judicial precedent. According to Jermy Bentham, Precedent is a judge-made Law while Austine calls it as judiciary’s law; Keeton holds precedents as those judicial pronouncements of the court which carry with them certain authority having a binding force. In simple wor ds precedent means judge-made decisions which are used in further cases. A judicial precedent is purely constitutive in nature and never abrogative. Means it can create law but cannot abolish it. The judges are not at liberty to substitute their own views where there is a settled principle of law. They can only fill in the gaps in the legal system and so we can say that precedent means a case decided previously. Or precedent is any set pattern upon which future conduct may be based. Judicial precedent is a decision by a competent court of justice upon a disputed point of view which becomes, not merely a guide but an authority to be followed by all courts of co-ordinate or inferior jurisdiction and administrating the same system until it has been overruled by a court of superior jurisdiction or by a statute of superior authority, e.g., an Act of Parliament. The justification of the binding rule of judicial precedent is based on the several reasons these are that, precedent is based on practical experience. Rather than logic, it is based on convenience in the sense that it is provided in settled law and thus saved the labour of judges. It prevents error of judgment by individual judges, it prevents partiality on the part of the judges It helps lawyers to take a cautious view of the development of law on the basis of past judicial experience because of above all factors precedents are become achieve important place as one of the important source of law. Precedents can be classified into two categories: (1) Authoritative and (2) Persuasive. The authoritative precedent is one  which has a binding force and the judge must follow it whether he approves it or not. Authoritative precedents are the decisions of superior court of justice which are binding on subordinate courts. For ex. Supreme Court, High Courts, Persuasive precedents, on the other hand, is on which the judges are under no obligation to follow but which they may take into consideration at the time of making decision. Now from all above discussion we are well able to understand precedent, how we discussed the position of precedent in real practice and its recent value in administration of justice. In the recent years, the value of the doctrine of precedent has become a debatable issue. In England the importance of precedent is much more than in any continental country, that is why it is often said that judicial precedent is an unique feature of common law countries because the great body of the common law or unwritten law is almost entirely the product of decided cases and common law of England has been created by the decision of English judges and precedent is not merely evidence of the law but a source of it and the courts are bound to follow the law that is so established. House of Lords is the highest Court in England, its decisions bind all the inferior courts, the House of Lords itself is bound by its own previous decision but this position after a long controversy and various debates become change after the famous classic case. Boys v. Chaplin, 1968 IAIIER 283 and it is finally decided that as the House of Lords is the highest court in England, its decisions are absolutely binding on all inferior courts. But House of Lords is now not bound by its own earlier decisions and so nowadays House of Lords is not bound by its own previous decisions. In continental countries like Germany France, Italy, judicial precedent has only instructive value and it is not authoritative. In these countries its importance is no greater than that of a textbook of law. In India judicial precedent has great value. The position of precedent becomes clear after 1950 and the doctrine of precedent gets a constitutional recognition. Art. 141 of the constitution provide that law declared by the Supreme Court to be binding on all courts, within the territory of India. It is clear from the wordings of Article 141 that the law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts in India. But there after in various debates question arises that, whether the expression all courts include Supreme Court also. This question gives birth to various new views, that whether Supreme Court follows the British model of the House  of Lords of ‘be bound’ or the U.S.A. Supreme Court ‘not be bound’. This question was first discussed by S.C. in the famous case. Now it is finally concluded from all forgoing discussion that the position of precedent from past to presen t is changed in vast dimensions and importance. Value of precedent is now decreased to some extent and new concepts of prospective overruling has evolved to avoid the complications in vast changing society. In true sense precedents enable the judges to re-shape law according to the social need and at the same time the binding authority of the precedent acts as an effective check on the arbitrary discretion of the judges. Precedent helps common people to know about the intricate principles of law. Precedent helps Lawyers in their argument without waste of unnecessary time and energy whenever they want to cite any case-law. It also provides useful guidelines for the judges in deciding cases before them. But there are some contrary arguments towards precedent as Bentham did not recognize precedent as law at all because it lacks binding force of the state. Some critics argue that, statute law is more important than precedent, they say that, judicial precedents are published in law reports which are in such a large number that it becom es practically difficult to find out a particular case from such a voluminous legal literature and so it is very time consuming, they also contend that, at one time, different courts express conflicting opinions on the same point which renders the validity of precedent doubtful and uncertain and there is always a possibility of erroneous judgment in such a case. Another objection which is quite often raised against precedent is that development of law through case-law more or less depends upon chance, because there is no test available for determining the validity of law made by precedent. Sometimes erroneous decisions of S.C. create practical problems for the subordinate judges as they are bound to follow these decisions howsoever wrong or defective. This adversely affects the growth and development of law in the right direction. But despite the aforesaid critical argument, judicial precedent has been as one of the important sources of law in most of the legal systems particularly U.K., U.S.A., Australia, Afro-Asian countries and India as the merits of the binding effect of the precedent (decision) it must be stated that it gives certainty and uniformity to law and brings about its scientific development and precedents always remain an effective weapon of shaping and developing  law according to the needs of the changing society.